Phillips XPT: American Trainer Prototype

The Aeroneer 1-B was an all-metal light aircraft built in the United States in 1936. It did not reach production, despite an attempt to interest the USAAC in it as a trainer, but it appeared in three Hollywood films.

The Aeroneer 1-B was initially developed by the Aero Engineering Corp, which named it. Its later development was taken up by the Phillips Aviation Company, so it appears as the Aeroneer 1-B in contemporary publications, though later sources may refer to it as the Phillips Aeroneer 1-B.

The Aeroneer is a low wing cantilever design. Its wing is in five separate parts: a short span, rectangular center section, trapezoidal panels over most of the span and rounded tips. The outer panels carry some dihedral. It is built around a single spar placed at 30% chord. Torsional loads are resisted by a torsion box formed by the riveted Alclad skin that covers the whole wing and an auxiliary spar at 65% chord. Its ailerons are metal framed but fabric covered, mounted on piano hinges from the upper surface. Split flaps with an area of 24 sq ft (2.2 m2) run under the trailing edge from aileron to aileron.

The engine is a 125 hp (93 kW) Menasco C-4, an air-cooled, inverted four-cylinder inline, though other 85–150 hp (63–112 kW) Menasco engines could also have been fitted. The fuselage is all-metal, Aclad skinned and stiffened, though immediately behind the engine and around the cockpit the structure is reinforced with chrome-molybdenum steel tubes. The enclosed cockpit, under a sliding canopy and seating two side-by-side with dual controls, is over the wing. The empennage is conventional, with the tailplane set at mid-fuselage; its elevators are balanced and fitted with trim tabs. The fin is straight-edged but the short, broad, balanced rudder is curved.

The Aeroneer has a tailwheel undercarriage. Its mainwheels are on parallel, forward-raked oleo strut legs. The wheels have hydraulic brakes and both they and the legs are faired-in. The tailwheel, also fitted with a shock absorber, is free to caster. Floats or skis can replace wheels.

The date of the Aeroneer's first flight is not known but by February 1937 it had completed "extensive tests" and was "ready for production". Nonetheless, it did not receive its Approved Type Certificate until the summer of 1938.

In the absence of civil orders, Phillips slightly increased the span as well its power, in the hope that USAAC would order it as a basic trainer. A 160 hp (120 kW) Menasco B-6 six-cylinder inline installation was planned, though another six-cylinder, inverted inline, a 145 hp (108 kW) Ranger 6-410, was finally installed.

No order was placed and the Aeroneer may have been sold to MGM; it appears in several films including The House Across the Bay (1940), where it took the rôle of the Crane X-PT, Power Dive (1941), and Sky Raiders (1941).

The Aeroneer is reported to have survived in storage in Arizona until at least 2005. In 2007 it was advertised as for sale and its current state is unknown.

Role: Two seat sport and training aircraft

National origin: United States

Manufacturer: Aero Engineering Corporation

First flight: 1936

Crew: One

Capacity: One passenger

Length: 24 ft 0 in (7.32 m)

Wingspan: 32 ft 6 in (9.91 m)

Height: 7 ft 8 in (2.34 m)

Wing area: 168 sq ft (15.6 m2)

Empty weight: 1,505 lb (683 kg)

Gross weight: 2,200 lb (998 kg)

Fuel capacity: 43 US gal (160 l; 36 imp gal)

Powerplant: 1 × Menasco C-4 4-cylinder, air-cooled inline, 125 hp (93 kW)

Maximum speed: 129 mph (208 km/h, 112 kn)

Cruise speed: 118 mph (190 km/h, 103 kn)

Range: 704 mi (1,133 km, 612 nmi)

Service ceiling: 11,800 ft (3,600 m) service

Rate of climb: 625 ft/min (3.18 m/s)

Landing speed: 49 mph (79 km/h; 43 kn)

 

The Phillips XPT experimental primary trainer.

Phillips XPT. The Phillips 1-B Aeroneer was a design by Aero Engineering Corp and Driggs (Western Airmotive) but blueprint and rights were bought by Phillips Aviation Company in 1936. The date of the maiden flight is not known. After the attempt to secure a USAAC contract failed, MGM Studios reportedly bought it in 1940, as it has appeared in several films. Last fate is unknown but as of 2005 it was stored in a hangar in Arizona and was advertised as for sale in 2007. FAA says registered owner is, or was, in Oklahoma City but "sale reported".

Phillips XPT.

USS Concord (CL-10): American Light Cruiser

USS Concord (CL-10) was an Omaha-class light cruiser, originally classified as a scout cruiser, of the United States Navy. She was the fourth Navy ship named for the town of Concord, Massachusetts, the site of the first battle of the American Revolution. She spent the first nine years of her career in the Atlantic as part of the Scouting Force. Concord transferred to the Pacific in 1932 and spent the rest of her career, except for the winter of 1938–1939, stationed there. Her home port moved to Pearl Harbor in April 1940, but she escaped the attack on Pearl Harbor because she was in San Diego for an overhaul.

Built in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Concord was authorized on 29 August 1916, and assigned to William Cramp & Sons, Philadelphia on 30 July 1917. She was laid down on 29 March 1920, and launched on 15 December 1921, sponsored by Miss H. Butterick. Concord was commissioned on 3 November 1923, with future Admiral, Captain Orin G. Murfin in command.

Concord was 550 feet (170 meters) long at the waterline with an overall length of 555 feet 6 inches (169.32 meters), her beam was 55 feet 4 inches (16.87 meters) and a mean draft of 13 feet 6 inches (4.11 meters). Her standard displacement was 7,050 long tons (7,160 t) and 9,508 long tons (9,661 t) at full load. Her crew, during peacetime, consisted of 29 officers and 429 enlisted men.

Concord was powered by four Parsons steam turbines geared steam turbines, each driving one screw, using steam generated by 12 White-Forster boilers. The engines were designed to produce 90,000 indicated horsepower (67,000 kW) and reach a top speed of 35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph). She was designed to provide a range of 10,000 nautical miles (19,000 km; 12,000 mi) at a speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph), but was only capable of 8,460 nautical miles (15,670 km; 9,740 mi) at a speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph).

Concord's main armament went through many changes while she was being designed. Originally she was to mount ten 6 in (150 mm)/53 caliber guns; two on either side at the waist, with the remaining eight mounted in tiered casemates on either side of the fore and aft superstructures. After America's entry into World War I the US Navy worked alongside the Royal Navy and it was decided to mount four 6-in/53 caliber guns in two twin gun turrets fore and aft and keep the eight guns in the tiered casemates so that she would have an eight gun broadside and, due to limited arcs of fire from the casemate guns, four to six guns firing fore or aft. Her secondary armament consisted of two 3 in (76 mm)/50 caliber anti-aircraft guns in single mounts. Concord was initially built with the capacity to carry 224 mines, but these were removed early in her career to make way for more crew accommodations. She also carried two triple and two twin, above-water, torpedo tube mounts for 21 in (530 mm) torpedoes. The triple mounts were fitted on either side of the upper deck, aft of the aircraft catapults, and the twin mounts were one deck lower on either side, covered by hatches in the side of the hull.

The ship lacked a full-length waterline armor belt. The sides of her boiler and engine rooms and steering gear were protected by 3 inches (76 mm) of armor. The transverse bulkheads at the end of her machinery rooms were 1.5 inches (38 mm) thick forward and three inches thick aft. The deck over the machinery spaces and steering gear had a thickness of 1.5 inches. The gun turrets were not armored and only provided protection against muzzle blast and the conning tower had 1.5 inches of armor. Concord carried two floatplanes aboard that were stored on the two catapults. Initially these were probably Vought VE-9s until the early 1930s, when the ship may have operated OJ-2 until 1935, and Curtiss SOC Seagulls until 1940, when Vought OS2U Kingfishers were used on ships without hangars.

Armament Changes

During her career Concord went through several armament changes, some of these changes were to save weight, but others were to increase her AA armament. The lower torpedo tube mounts proved to be very wet and were removed, and the openings plated over, before the start of World War II. Another change made before the war was to increase the 3–inch guns to eight, all mounted in the ship's waist. After 1940, the lower aft 6–inch guns were removed and the casemates plated over for the same reason as the lower torpedo mounts. The ship's anti-aircraft armament were augmented by three twin 40 mm (1.6 in) Bofors guns along with 12 20 mm (0.79 in) Oerlikon cannons by the end of the war.

Name: Concord

Namesake: Town of Concord, Massachusetts

Ordered:

29 August 1916

4 March 1917

Awarded:             

30 July 1917

11 July 1919 (supplementary contract)

Builder: William Cramp & Sons, Philadelphia

Yard number: 449

Laid down: 29 March 1920

Launched: 15 December 1921

Sponsored by: Miss H. Butterick

Commissioned: 3 November 1923

Decommissioned: 12 December 1945

Stricken: 8 January 1946

Hull symbol: CL-10

Code letters: NIRV

Honors and awards: 1 × battle star

Fate: Sold for scrap 21 January 1947

General Characteristics (as Built)

Class and type: Omaha-class light cruiser

Displacement:    

7,050 long tons (7,163 t) (standard)

9,508 long tons (9,661 t) (loaded)

Length:

555 ft 6 in (169.32 m) oa

550 ft (170 m) pp

Beam: 55 ft (17 m)

Draft: 14 ft 3 in (4.34 m) (mean)

Installed power: 

12 × White-Forster boilers

90,000 ihp (67,000 kW) (Estimated power produced on trials)

Propulsion:         

4 × Parsons steam turbines

4 × screws

Speed:   

35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph)

33.7 knots (62.4 km/h; 38.8 mph) (Estimated speed on Trial)

Crew: 29 officers 429 enlisted (peace time)

Armament:         

2 × twin 6 in (150 mm)/53 caliber guns

8 × single 6 in/53 caliber guns

4 × 3 in (76 mm)/50 caliber guns anti-aircraft

2 × triple 21 in (533 mm) torpedo tubes

2 × twin 21 in torpedo tubes

224 × mines (removed soon after completion)

Armor: 

Belt: 3 in (76 mm)

Deck: 1+1⁄2 in (38 mm)

Conning Tower: 1+1⁄2 in

Bulkheads: 1+1⁄2-3 in

Aircraft carried: 2 × floatplanes

Aviation facilities:            

2 × Amidship catapults

crane

General Characteristics (1945)

Armament:         

2 × twin 6 in/53 caliber

6 × single 6 in/53 caliber

8 × 3 in/50 caliber anti-aircraft guns

2 × triple 21 in torpedo tubes

3 × twin 40 mm (1.6 in) Bofors guns

12 × single 20 mm (0.79 in) Oerlikon cannons

Service History

Inter-war Period

On her maiden cruise, from 23 November 1923 – 9 April 1924, Concord called at Mediterranean ports, passed through the Suez Canal to round the Cape of Good Hope, and exercised with the fleet in the Caribbean before returning to Philadelphia. As flagship of Commander, Destroyer Squadrons, Scouting Fleet, she cruised the Caribbean and sailed through the Panama Canal to exercise in the Hawaiian Islands in 1924–1925. Continuing to operate in the Atlantic, she joined in the Presidential Fleet Review taken by Calvin Coolidge on 4 June 1927.

Serving as flagship of Commander, Cruiser Division 3 (CruDiv 3), Battle Force, Concord cruised the Pacific from her base at San Diego after early 1932, exercising in the Canal Zone and the Caribbean in 1934. On 12 February 1935, she rescued 11 members of the crew of the downed airship USS Macon. She took part in Presidential Fleet Reviews taken by Franklin D. Roosevelt on 30 September 1935 and 12 July 1938, and joined in fleet exercises in the Hawaiian area, in the Canal Zone, and off Alaska. After operating on the east coast in the winter of 1938–39, she returned to Pacific operations, and from 1 April 1940, was based at Pearl Harbor for a training schedule which intensified as war came closer.

World War II

When the US entered the war, Concord was at San Diego preparing for a shipyard overhaul which she completed early in February 1942. Assigned to the Southeast Pacific Force, she escorted convoys to Bora Bora in the Society Islands, exercised in the Canal Zone, and cruised along the coast of South America and to the islands of the southeast Pacific, serving from time to time as flagship of her force.

From 5 September – 24 November 1943, with Captain Irving Reynolds Chambers, commanding, she carried Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd on a tour to survey the potential use of a number of southeast Pacific islands in national defense and commercial aviation. During this cruise, she suffered a gasoline explosion which killed 24 men including her executive officer, and caused considerable damage, which was repaired at Balboa, Panama.

With repairs completed in March 1944, Concord set sail northward to join the Northern Pacific Force at Adak on 2 April. Serving as the flagship of Task Force 94 (TF 94) at the beginning of this duty, she joined in bombardments of the Kuriles which continued at intervals until the close of the war, preventing effective use by the Japanese of their bases there. Harassing the northern shipping lanes of Japan, her force sank several small craft, and on 25 August 1944, the destroyers of the force made an attack on a Japanese convoy.

On 31 August 1945, Concord stood out from Adak, covered the occupation landings at Ominato, Japan, from 8–14 September, and sailed on to Pearl Harbor, the Canal Zone, Boston, and Philadelphia, where she was decommissioned on 12 December, and sold for scrap on 21 January 1947. Before she was scrapped, the turret that fired the last shot of the War was removed. The turret has been preserved and put on display at the Chehalis veteran museum. Concord's bell is displayed near Monument Square in her namesake town of Concord, MA.

Awards

Bronze star Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with one battle stars for World War II service.

The U.S. Navy light cruiser USS Concord (CL-10) off Balboa, Panama Canal Zone, on 6 January 1943. USS Concord was assigned to the Southeast Pacific Force, escorted convoys, exercised in the Canal Zone, and cruised along the coast of South America and to the islands of the southeast Pacific, serving from time to time as flagship of her force.

Camouflage Measure 33, Design 2F. Drawing prepared by the Bureau of Ships for a camouflage scheme intended for light cruisers of the CL-4 (Omaha) class. This plan, approved by Captain Torvald A. Solberg, USN, is dated 3 June 1944. It shows the ship's port side. USS Concord (CL-10) and USS Trenton (CL-11) were painted in this scheme, though the colors used for the latter appear to have been the darker tones of Measure 32.

Camouflage Measure 33, Design 2F. Drawing prepared by the Bureau of Ships for a camouflage scheme intended for light cruisers of the CL-4 (Omaha) class. This plan, approved by Captain Torvald A. Solberg, USN, is dated 3 June 1944. It shows the ship's starboard side, superstructure ends and exposed decks. USS Concord (CL-10) and USS Trenton (CL-11) were painted in this scheme, though the colors used for the latter appear to have been the darker tones of Measure 32.

Curtiss SOC-1 (9860) on its catapult on the Light Cruiser Concord CL-10 at the Port of Oakland in 1937.

USS Concord (CL-10) off the Mare Island Navy Yard, California, 9 February 1942.

USS Concord (CL-10) barge.

U.S. Navy light cruiser USS Concord (CL-10) steaming off the Panama Canal Zone, on 19 March 1943.

U.S. Navy light cruiser USS Concord (CL-10) off the Panama Canal Zone on 14 March 1944.

U.S. Navy light cruiser USS Concord (CL-10) underway at sea in 1932.

U.S. Navy light cruiser USS Concord (CL-10) underway in Puget Sound, Washington (USA), on 1 November 1944. Her camouflage is Measure 33, Design 2F.

U.S. Navy light cruiser USS Concord (CL-10) underway off the Panama Canal Zone on 19 March 1944.

USS Concord (CL-10) in 1932.

Omaha class light cruiser USS Concord (CL-10), taken 22 June, 1928. The ship is shown allowing tours by visitors.

USS Concord (CL-10) going through Panama Canal.

USS Concord (CL-10) crew.

USS Concord, USS Richmond, USS Wyoming.

USS Concord (CL-10) in dry dock.

Letter from Admiral Byrd to Commanding Officer, Captain Irving Reynolds Chambers, USS Concord, commemorating the loss of 24 men during the special mission, September–November 1943.