World War 2 In Review

Amphibious tractors (LVT) head for landing beaches on Iwo Jima, circa 19 February 1945. Note explosions, with much smoke and dust, ashore. Mount Suribachi is at left. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (Naval History and Heritage Command NH 104317-KN)

by Paul W. Ernst

Published in August 1945

This is 18 February 1945. Four months ago today this APA was commissioned at Astoria, Oregon. Since that time we have been making preparations for this, our first invasion. We have gone through drills that at the time seemed foolish and a waste of time. Now we are happy to know that we are well prepared for this “operation” as a result of these drills. Every man aboard this ship knows his job and is ready to perform it when the occasion demands.

Today has been just another day aboard this ship. Everything is progressing in a routine and orderly manner. To one on his first invasion it is truly amazing to see everyone so cool and collected. Of course everybody is making some last minute preparations for the coming battle. Boat crews are busy readying their boats, beach party men are getting their gear together and a Marine (of the 4th or 5th Division) sharpens a knife that already has a razor edge.

A cool confidence prevails among the members of the crew and the troops. If there is any anxiety it is certainly not visible. We all have our job to do and feel fully prepared to do it. We have been picked to take Iwo Jima and we are confident that the job will be done.

D-Day: Reveille

Everyone seems agreed getting up at this ungodly hour is the toughest part of our job. All hands went to breakfast just like any other day. Appetites appeared normal. Possibly this was due to the fact that we had a meal that was a little better than usual. Amazing though it may seem we didn’t have the traditional navy beans. At a time like this the Navy was forced to fall back on that old civilian standby, ham and eggs.

There has been a very noticeable change in the weather. Last night was the first night we have slept without the benefit of the fan. Of the four in my sleeping compartment two of them had blankets over them when we awoke. After the hot days and nights we have spent while further south this change is more than welcome. The sea appears to be fairly calm this morning and of course that is what we have been hoping for. It will make our job a lot easier. Launching our small boats in rough water is a hazardous task and would increase our possibilities of any casualties to our boats, boat crews and troops.

One of the corpsmen attached to the Marine Corps just stopped by to say “so long.” I’ve met several fine fellows since the troops came aboard and its pretty tough to see them go, knowing there is the possibility they won’t come back. It’s time to take another look around the ship and see what is going on.

0700

Things are moving rather rapidly now. Our boats are about ready to hit the water. There they go and our ship is the first to have boats in the sea. Everything is moving at a faster tempo now and soon the many small boats have been loaded with troops and equipment. Loading the boats is a big job and it is really something to watch. Troops go over the side and climb down into the boats by way of rope debarkation nets. Vehicles by the use of winches. Everything takes place with clock-like precision and shortly before 0800, word is passed for the boats to “shove off” for the line of departure. The water is alive with small boats heading for their destination. It is impossible to see everything. Like a grim three ring circus there is something going on everywhere at the same time. Our battleships, cruisers and destroyers are shelling Iwo Jima. Smoke from numerous fires almost obscure the small but mighty island from view. Overhead our planes are circling and moving in to make their bombing runs and there is evidently no Jap air opposition. Reports have come in that there is little or no “ack-ack” fire. It is hard to believe that so little opposition will continue for long. As each minute passes the shelling of Iwo Jima increases in intensity. How anything can remain alive there will forever be a mystery to me.

Finally H-Hour arrives and we anxiously await word of what is happening on the beach. In less than ten minutes the word is passed over our speakers that our first troops have landed and moved one hundred yards from the beach. Now the real battle for possession of Iwo Jima has begun.

The crew of this APA has a vital interest in the early landings. Our beach party is to go ashore very shortly after H-Hour. Their purpose is to set up radio communications, establish evacuation stations and see to the unloading of boats. They are part of our crew and we are greatly concerned for their welfare.

Those of us on duty in sick bay try to see as much as possible of the action before we receive our first casualties. We realize how busy we will be when the injured start arriving. It is possible for us to get a good view of the island from where we are located. Since the launching of our boats we have been slowly moving in closer to Iwo. (Too close.) This is being done so that our cargo can be unloaded and gotten to the beach in the shortest possible time. It also means that casualties can be cared for a few minutes sooner, which in many cases may mean the difference between life and death.

Our first casualties come aboard at 1030 and our real work has begun. Wounds are cleaned and dressed; plasma and morphine are administered, men are prepared for surgery. The Officers’ Wardroom is being used as a receiving and sorting station and all casualties are brought there first. From there they are routed according to the extent of their injuries; to sick bay, to one of the other wards or surgery. The wardroom is a beehive of activity for the necessity of keeping it cleared is essential. We have an X-ray unit set up and X-rays are ready for the doctors in a very few minutes. In this way fractures are made known as are pieces of shrapnel and slugs from gunshot wounds.

One of the “highlights” of the day is the use of whole blood. This has been flown to Saipan and is now being used less than two weeks after it was donated in the States. Its beneficial effects are noticeable almost as soon as its flow has started.

From the time of arrival of our first casualties it is a rather steady procession. We eat on the run and very little time is lost from our work.

Time and time again during the day we are given exhibitions of real courage. Most of the injured are boys in years, but old in experience. They make light of their own serious wounds and discomforts and are more interested in what has become of their buddies. For these men the invasion is over, almost as soon as it started, but they went through years of hell in a few short minutes.

Most of the injured want to talk about what is happening on the beach. We are eager to hear about it and listen closely as we work. It is tough on Iwo and we know there is a long tough job ahead of us. The Japs are so well established here that it will be a costly victory.

Another interesting note is that in most cases the one thing the wounded want is a cigarette. This seems to do more toward relaxing the men than anything else. These men are proving their greatness here as well as on the battlefield. As long as America has men like these fighting for her she can’t be beaten.

During the day we have moved in closer to the beach and we are very nearly within the range of mortar fire. A few shells dropped about fifty yards from the bow of our ship. This is just a little too close to be comfortable. There are lots of ships between us and the beach. The battleships, cruisers and destroyers are close in pouring broadsides into the island.

As the day passes on we all seem to understand that Iwo Jima will not be as easy to take as we had at first thought. It is apparent that the Japs will fight to the last man.

At about 1700 we move out from the island and cruise about the open sea during the night.

D-Day plus One

We are up and ready for business once more although not quite as early as yesterday. We move in and take our place among the other ships in the transport area. We are going to unload and receive more casualties. The weather is not so good today. The sky is overcast and there is some rain. There is a cold wind and all in all it’s quite miserable.

While waiting for our first casualties we spend our time watching the shelling and bombing of the island. We must have at least one hundred dive bombers in action and they are having a regular field day. They peel off from their formations and while on their way down we can plainly see their rockets as they are discharged. Then their bombs are loosened and the planes pull out of their dive and go back for another run. The warships are still continuing the constant shelling of the island. Iwo Jima must be a veritable hell on earth.

At 1000 we receive our first casualties, six in all. As it turns out, that is our total for the day. A hospital ship is lying in close to the beach and is apparently getting most of the casualties. However, we are in readiness all day.

Late in the afternoon we have an air raid alert, but once more nothing comes of it. Upon securing from general quarters we are called back to our battle stations. Once again it is a matter of being prepared but “Charlie” doesn’t show. Our screen of battleships are doing a fine job of keeping them away from this area as well as the island. It does try one’s nerves to be continually on the alert, expecting a real raid. After the end of the second day everyone, not on watch, turns in early.

D-Day plus Two

As before, we again return to the transport area and launch our boats. Again the weather is foul and we have a rough sea to contend with. This makes it harder to take casualties aboard and does little to help the frayed nerves of the injured men. As most of the men are in shock when they get to the ship, hoisting them aboard from a tossing sea is not what the doctor ordered. It is just one of the many obstacles that is making the conquest of Iwo Jima so difficult.

The terrific battle on the island is still raging. The volcano on the southern tip of the island is proving a tough nut to crack. It is really fortified and every attempt to storm it has been futile. Casualties have been high and every foot of advance has been costly.

Our first casualties are brought aboard at about 0900. Everyone is tired but nobody shirks his duty. We have a smooth working outfit and everything is going as planned with little or no confusion. All petty differences are forgotten for the time and teamwork is perfect.

Shortly after 1300 our beach party returns to the ship. They are a tired and dirty-looking bunch of men. Casualties among our small beach party have been heavy. The medical department was hit the hardest with two dead and two wounded. We lost our beach medical officer and a corpsman. They were killed at the same time, only a few minutes after their arrival on the beach. Two other corpsmen were injured at the same time. They were taken aboard other ships for treatment. We have not found out yet how seriously they were wounded.

The stories of action on the beach are not pretty. Our boys were unable to set up on the beach and spent most of their time in foxholes. When trying to give first aid the corpsmen became the Japs’ favorite target. One of the boys told of trying to set up for a plasma transfusion, but Jap snipers used the bottle as a target and he had to give up the attempt. Stretcher bearers had the same problem to face and as a result many of the wounded were a long time getting any medical attention. One hundred yards from the beach was as far as any of our party was able to get.

About 1700 there is another air raid alert. This time “Charlie” apparently means business. Our protecting warships are on the job, though, and we soon got word that four Jap planes have been shot down. This accurate anti-aircraft fire must have a discouraging effect on the Japs, because the all-clear sounds shortly afterward. Almost before we have had time to secure from our stations we go on the alert again, but this time it is only for a few minutes, as nothing comes of it.

Tonight I have the watch in the sickbay. It is not a hard job but somebody has to be there in case any of the injured need anything. Soon after lights are out at 2130 just about all are asleep. Some find it difficult to sleep and there is medicine to remedy that. I’m pretty close to being asleep myself. It’s a welcome sight to see my relief when he arrives on the scene at 0100. It’s been a long time since reveille, and I’m really ready for the sack.

D-Day plus Three

It’s routine general quarters this morning, but it is only for a short time and then we get ready to launch our boats once more. Word comes through about last night’s air attack. We lost the Bismarck Sea. We are assigned the task of taking on the survivors as soon as we can unload the balance of our cargo and men. We all try to get a little rest before our job for the day begins.

The first survivors start coming aboard at 1300. By now the weather is really foul. It is cold, windy and raining. There are quite a number of injured among the survivors and they are cold and wet when they arrive in the wardroom. They are coming aboard fast—and we soon have our hands full. There is a much greater variety of wounds among these men than those we received from the beach. They include burns (the first we have had), shrapnel wounds, fractures, bruises and exposure.

The story of their tragedy of the night before is told and retold. At approximately 1900, just after all their planes had returned from chasing off the Jap raiders two planes slipped through undetected and scored hits just above the water, aft on the starboard side.

Within three hours destroyers and destroyer escorts had picked up most of the men in the water. Their casualties were heavy in spite of the speedy rescue, and about 350 of the crew are reported dead or missing. Sherman was sure right when he said, “War is hell.”

The men are fed and clothing is issued to them from our small stores.

During the day the terrific battle for Iwo has continued without let-up. We have been unable to discharge our CBs and the balance of our troops to the beach, so we will be hanging around for another day. “Scuttlebutt” had it that we would leave tonight, but that is out now. During the late afternoon we had an air alert, but the medical department stayed at their job of caring for wounded survivors. We received a large number of men that needed medical attention, and although not many of them were in a serious condition, it required time to care for them. The air attack did serve to make all of us a bit jittery, but word was soon passed that the supposed attack was over.

Tonight I found myself in the unhappy situation of not having a bed. A patient has been placed in my sack, so I’ll have to improvise something. I think a stretcher and a couple of blankets placed on the deck will serve the purpose very nicely. At the present time I feel as though I could sleep hanging on a hook.

D-Day plus Four

After a dash to General Quarters this morning the day has been rather quiet. At 1030 word is passed that our Rag (a flag from our ship) is flying from the top of Suribachi. There are probably numerous Japs still hiding in the many caves that dot the sides of the mountain. However, we are making progress.

By early afternoon we have discharged the balance of our troops and cargo and it begins to look like we may head back tonight. I am sure the entire crew is hoping for this. I know that I am. Word was just passed that we will stand by for another day. Our small boats will help other ships unload.

From the deck, it is now possible to see our flag flying from Suribachi. It certainly gives one a great feeling to know that success in this endeavor is now within reach. From all reports, this has been by far the toughest battle of the entire campaign, and although we are winning at the present time there is still a long hard battle ahead before we can call Iwo Jima ours.

The weather today has been clearing with quite a bit of wind. With this kind of weather we can expect an air attack at any time. GQ came and extended beyond the customary duration. There were Bogies re-ported. Our warships put up an ack-ack barrage that covered the sky like a giant umbrella. The Nips left but came back to pester us once more and keep us on the alert. They sure can be a nuisance. Secure sounds in a short time and it’s bedtime again. These days sure fly by.

Before turning in we find time for a short bull session, but we are all too tired to stay up for long. I find it difficult to sleep tonight. We are doing our usual cruising around tonight and because we are unloaded the ship sits pretty high in the water. This causes us to bob around like a cork, even though the sea is not unduly rough.

D-Day plus Five

Routine GQ this morning and that’s about all. The job of unloading provisions and ammunition is started. Due to the fact that we are leaving, all our excess stores for ships that are remaining will be transferred. The boys in the boat crew have really taken a beating. They have been on the job continually day and night since early D-Day. The weather has been nasty and the water rough. Still our boats have gone about their all-important business without a hitch. Some of the boys haven’t been out of their boats in four days. All of their living has had to be done in the small space that one of those boats provides. “K” rations have been their only food.

To date only four of our boats have been lost and crews of all of them have been saved. As far as I can determine now only two members of the boat crew have been injured, and fortunately they are only minor. Those boys have done a wonderful job and cannot be praised too highly. We are certainly proud of them.

We saw one of our planes shot down this morning and fall into the water not far from our ship. The pilot “bailed out,” however, so that is one we save.

Early this afternoon we moved in rather close to the beach and transferred five of our most seriously wounded to a hospital ship. They will be able to get better care aboard her than we can give them. We have moved back out from the island, and now have about two and one half miles between us and the beach.

While in close it was possible to study the island and get a good idea of what things look like in there. Tanks and vehicles of all description can be seen moving about on the hilly slopes. Looking at the mountain, one can see where many landslides, started by the heavy Navy shelling, have covered the caves which had hidden the Japs and their guns and gave them such a great advantage in the early stages of the furious battle for Iwo Jima.

Word has just been passed that our troops have advanced to the second air strip and are now making an “all out” attempt to wrest it from the desperate Japs. The Japs are very definitely fighting to the finish, as no word of any prisoners being taken has been received as yet.

This is the first day we have not had an air raid alert since our ar-rival. It is my guess that our carrier planes are keeping the Japs plenty busy around Japan itself. We had been expecting to leave this evening and all necessary preparations were being made, but once again we get the word to stand by for another day. Things seem rather secure to-night with “Charlie” staying in and not pestering us. To celebrate that feeling of security a few of us get together for a few hours and enjoy a small poker game. We turn in early, though, as we well realize it is a good idea to get as much rest as we can.

D-Day plus Six (Sunday, 25 February 1945)

Still at Iwo, and once more our boats go into the water. Those boys just can’t get any rest. We have moved in close to the island, and with the aid of glasses we get another chance to make a thorough study of Iwo. Marines can be seen atop Suribachi. They move around with no apparent concern. Supplies and equipment are being deposited on the beach in increasing quantities. Our planes are still remaining in large groups and bombing the north end of the island.

Yesterday we saw many small landing boats loaded with reinforcements heading for the beach. They are going to reinforce the Marines who, by this time, have certainly earned a little rest. They really had a tough job on their hands. Everything is now being thrown at the Japs in an attempt to drive them from Iwo at the earliest possible moment.

We are apparently going to leave tonight. We have been ordered to transfer all surplus medical supplies to another APA. All our extra whole blood, plasma, morphine, brandy and whisky are assembled and made ready to move. I am given the opportunity to make the trip in one of our small boats. This provides me with a chance to get a better look at the island, so I jump at the opportunity.

This other APA is in very close to the beach and I can see things at real close range. The beach where our initial landings were made is hardly a beach at all. There is no sand as on other beaches I have seen before, just volcanic ash. There is no growth or anything else to provide cover for the troops when they landed. It is easy to see why progress was so slow at the beginning of the operation. It was just a case of “dig in” and hope to get a hole dug before getting hit. The sea is quite rough as I make my little “sight-seeing” trip and before arriving aboard I am soaking wet. Other than getting a good close-up view of Iwo the trip is uneventful.

Just as I get back aboard my ship word is passed to stand by to receive casualties. They really caught us with our pants down this time. We had not been expecting casualties today and were not prepared to receive them. For a few minutes everything is in a turmoil as we set up our receiving station. A meeting of the survivors is being held in the wardroom, and that handicaps us in getting things ready for business.

Boatload after boatload of casualties are brought aboard, and we really go to work. In four hours we handle almost twice as many wounded as during all of D-Day. Every available bed is used and many men have to be classed as ambulatory patients, when they should be in bed, where they can get the constant attention that their particular case warrants.

The operating room works fast and long. It is quite late before they are caught up. What a workout we had today. Everyone is tired tonight, but it is long past midnight before many of us are able to turn in for some much-needed rest.

We get underway as usual tonight, but a few minutes later word is passed that we are on our way back. This brings a big cheer throughout the ship, from crew and survivors.

Secretary of the Navy James V. Forrestal (center), eyes glued to his binoculars, watches Marine assault troops as they hit the beach at Iwo Jima, 19 February 1945. The Secretary accompanied the flagship of the amphibious force for the strike at the principle island of the Volcano group.

Sailors lower an LCM (Landing Craft, Mechanized) from USS Rutland (APA-192) off Iwo Jima on D-Day, February 19, 1945. Rutland's landing craft operated on Red Beach 1 and 2, and the ship lost 11 of her boats during the assault. (Naval History & Heritage Command NH 98947)

Men of the floating reserve (3rd Marine Division) attend a Catholic mass before landing on Iwo Jima on D+1. (USMC 142363)

On the deck of a Coast Guard–manned LST, Marines, Seabees, and Coast Guardsmen kneel on the foredeck in final prayers before another zero hour sends them into the fury of beach battle on Iwo Jima. (Naval History & Heritage Command CG 4070)

Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal, glasses raised to his eyes, watches operations off Iwo Jima from Vice Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner's flagship, 21 February 1945. With him are Admiral Turner, Lieutenant General Holland M. Smith, USMC, and Rear Admiral Harry Hill, USN.

Holland Smith, R.K. Turner, and H.W. Hill, off of Iwo Jima, 21 February 1945.

Aboard ship, February 1945.

An F4U-1D Corsair with Bombing Fighter Squadron VBF-84 taking off from USS Bunker Hill for a close ground air support mission to Iwo Jima, 19 February 1945.

A U.S. Navy Curtiss SB2C-4 Helldiver bomber from Bombing Squadron VB-3, Carrier Air Group 3 (CVG-3), assigned to the aircraft carrier USS Yorktown (CV-10), fly over the invasion fleet, during strikes on Iwo Jima on 22 February 1945. Note Yorktown´s geometric air group identification symbol on the SB2Cs.

A U.S. Navy Grumman TBM Avenger, with Capt. Edward J. Steichen, head of the Navy’s combat photography and director of the Naval Photographic Institute and Corp. William Damato aboard, over Iwo Jima.

SB2C-4 Helldivers of Bombing Squadron VB-9 returning to the USS Lexington (Essex-class) after a strike in support of the US Marines on Iwo Jima, Bonin Islands, February 1945.

SB2C-4’s from carrier of US task force approaching Iwo Jima in Volcano Islands support the landing craft bearing assault troop. Taken by plane from USS Hancock (CV-19).

TBF Avenger over Iwo Jima, March 1, 1945. Photographed from aircraft from USS Tulagi (CVE-72).

Two TBF Avenger planes in flight over Iwo Jima, March 2, 1945. Photographed from USS Tulagi (CVE-72) aircraft.

TBM-3 Avenger flying over Mt Suribachi on Iwo Jima after US forces had fully occupied the island, March-April 1945. Note storage tanks, tents, and other improvements set up by US forces.

Curtiss SB2C-3 Helldiver with Bombing Squadron VB-80 returning to the USS Hancock after flying close ground support strikes in support of the Marines landing on Iwo Jima, 19 February 1945.

The crew of the USS Saratoga tries to control fires caused by Japanese planes near Iwo Jima.

Iwo Jima covered with bomb craters from incessant attack by carrier based planes. Note smoke rising from burning installations. Photographed by plane from USS Saginaw Bay (CVE 82), D-Day, 19 February 1945.

Mt. Suribachi on Iwo Jima. Damage inflicted by naval gunfire and aerial bombardment can be seen along bluff and on beach. Photographed by plane from USS Makin Island (CVE-93) on D-Day, 19 February 1945.

Ship to shore bombardment at night off the coast of Iwo Jima.

Firing on Iwo Jima.

Iwo Jima beaches under bombardment.

White phosphorous rounds burst ashore as destroyers prepare for a underwater demolition team operation off Iwo Jima’s West Beach at 4:00 P.M., 17 February 1945. Note “Fletcher” class destroyer USS Twiggs firing at right. Photographed from USS Texas (BB-35).

Battleship New York bombarding Iwo Jima, 16 February 1945. View looking aft, on the starboard side. (US Naval History & Heritage Command photo 80-G-3089520

Ships off Iwo Jima, circa 19 February 1945. USS Idaho (BB-42) is in the center, with a flash amidships indicating that she is firing her five-inch secondary battery at targets ashore. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104340-KN)

A battleship (probably USS Tennessee, BB-43), in the center of the view, and other U.S. Navy warships firing on Iwo Jima, probably prior to the initial landings, circa 19 February 1945. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104358-KN)

Two Landing Craft, Infantry (Large) [LCI(L)] off Iwo Jima at what appears to be dawn, probably during the pre-landing bombardment, circa 19 February 1945. These craft, dimly visible at far left and at right, are probably LCI(R) or LCI(G) variants of the basic LCI(L). Note the two small bright spots at horizon level (left), which may be tracer rounds or small rockets. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104348-KN)

Ships off Iwo Jima, probably early in the morning of 19 February 1945. The camouflaged light cruiser in the left center is USS Vincennes (CL-64). Two Fletcher class destroyers are in the right center. Note smoke rising from Iwo Jima, in the distance. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104365-KN)

Large explosion at the northern base of Mount Suribachi, probably during the pre-landing bombardment, circa 19 February 1945. Note the smoke and dust shrouding the island. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104338-KN)

Smoke and explosions on Iwo Jima, probably during the pre-landing bombardment, circa 19 February 1945. Location appears to be the rocky part of the island's eastern coast, just north of landing beach Blue 2. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104345-KN)

A Landing Craft, Support (Large) [LCS(L)] operating off Iwo Jima, probably during the pre-landing bombardment, circa 19 February 1945. Note explosions and smoke ashore, flares falling overhead, and LCVP underway in the right center. This ship appears to be either USS LCS(L)-31 or USS LCS(L)-36. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104363-KN)

Explosions at the beach edge, with smoke rising from other hits just inland on Iwo Jima, probably during the pre-landing bombardment, circa 19 February 1945 Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104320-KN)

Explosions on an Iwo Jima beach, probably during the pre-landing bombardment, circa 19 February 1945. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104336-KN)

Bombardment of Iwo Jima's eastern beach, probably just before the initial landings on 19 February 1945. Three F4U Corsair fighters are banking over the beach in the center; a Landing Craft, Support (Large) [LCS(L)] is firing from just offshore at right; and two amphibious tractors (LVT) are moving toward the beach at left and left center. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104325-KN)

Explosions on Iwo Jima during the bombardment of the island, circa 19 February 1945. This view shows the northern extremity of the D-Day landing beaches at left, with the rugged shoreline of northern Iwo Jima at right. An amphibious tractor (LVT) is passing near the boat from which the photograph was taken. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104368-KN)

Explosions and smoke ashore on Iwo Jima, probably during the pre-landing bombardment, circa 19 February 1945. Note what appears to be a white phosphorus round bursting (center), and the boat operating close to shore (also in center). Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104337-KN)

Explosions just off the beach on Iwo Jima, with smoke drifting across the terrain just inland, probably during the pre-landing bombardment, circa 19 February 1945. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104333-KN)

1945 Fletcher class destroyer off Iwo Jima, probably during the pre-landing bombardment of the island, circa 19 February 1945. Mount Suribachi is at left. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104304-KN)

Fletcher class destroyer shelling Iwo Jima, probably during the pre-landing bombardment of the island, circa 19 February 1945. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104309-KN)

LCS(L), in right center, bombarding the shore, probably during the pre-landing bombardment of Iwo Jima, circa 19 February 1945. Note the splashes just offshore in the center of the photo, and explosions and smoke inland from the beach. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104315-KN)

A Landing Craft, Support (Large) [LCS(L)] firing from close inshore off Iwo Jima, circa 19 February 1945. Note explosions, smoke and dust on and near the beach. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photo NH 104330-KN)

Landing Ships, Medium, (LSM) landing vehicles on Iwo Jima's eastern beaches, 19 February 1945. One of these ships, in left center, has been hit and is afire. This is probably LSM-74, which was badly damaged by enemy fire. The ship in right center appears to be LSM-70. The mast of a third LSM is visible just to the left of the burning ship. Vehicles on the beach, at right, appear to be M4 Sherman tanks and amphibious tractors (LVT). Two other LVTs are in the foreground. Note explosions at the extreme right, ahead of the advancing vehicles. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104354-KN)

Helmeted crewman in a landing craft watches as a Fletcher class destroyer shells Iwo Jima, probably during the pre-landing bombardment, circa 19 February 1945. Note explosions and smoke ashore, and what appear to be shell air bursts over the island. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph 104327-KN)

Smoke and explosions on Iwo Jima, probably during the pre-landing bombardment, circa 19 February 1945. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104343-KN)

A Landing Craft, Support (Large) [LCS(L)] off the eastern Iwo Jima landing beaches, probably during the pre-landing bombardment, circa 19 February 1945. Note explosions and smoke ashore, and the change in terrain between the relatively smooth middle section of the island (center and left) and its more rugged northern portion (right). Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104328-KN)

Explosions near the Iwo Jima shore, probably during the pre-landing bombardment, circa 19 February 1945. Photographed from a USS Sanborn (APA-193) landing craft. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104316-KN)

A Landing Craft, Support (Large) [LCS(L)], in right center, operating off Iwo Jima, probably during the pre-landing bombardment, circa 19 February 1945. Note explosions and smoke ashore. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104341-KN)

A battleship, probably USS Tennessee (BB-43) bombarding Iwo Jima prior to the initial landings, circa 19 February 1945. Mount Suribachi is in the left center, beyond the battleship, with a huge explosion at its base. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104355-KN)

Three cruisers and other U.S. Navy warships bombarding Iwo Jima, circa 19 February 1945. The cruisers include (from distant left center to center): either USS Pensacola (CA-24) or USS Salt Lake City (CA-25), probably USS Indianapolis (CA-35), and a Cleveland class light cruiser. The latter is heavily shrouded with smoke from its guns. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104376-KN)

A battleship (probably USS Tennessee, BB-43) shelling Iwo Jima during the initial landings, 19 February 1945. Amphibious tractors (LVT) are passing in the foreground, headed for the landing beaches. Mount Suribachi is in the center, beyond the battleship, with smoke rising from shell hits. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104346-KN)

Explosions and fires on the beach and inland on Iwo Jima, probably during the pre-landing bombardment, 19 February 1945.

Explosions and smoke just offshore and on Iwo Jima, probably during the pre-landing bombardment, circa 19 February 1945. Note the yellow smoke (right center), shell splashes in the water (center), dark bursts in the air (left center), and boats operating close to shore (left and center). Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104362-KN)

Explosions and smoke just offshore and on Iwo Jima, probably during the pre-landing bombardment, circa 19 February 1945. Note the yellow smoke (right), shell splashes in the water (center), dark bursts in the air (left center), and boats operating close to shore (left and right center). Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104364-KN)

Smoke rising from Iwo Jima, probably during the pre-landing bombardment, circa 19 February 1945. Location appears to be in the middle of the island, about at landing beach Blue 2, where the terrain changes from relatively smooth to rocky and rugged. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104349-KN)

Landing craft underway off Iwo Jima, at dawn or dusk during landing operations in February 1945. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104306-KN)

Iwo Jima Operation, 1945 Landing craft underway in column off Iwo Jima, at dawn or dusk during landing operations in February 1945. Note the attack transports (APA) in the right center background. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104305-KN)

U.S. Marine amphibious tractor (LVT) off Iwo Jima, February 1945. Landing craft from USS Sanborn (APA-193) are in the background. Note marking 5B and nickname Moon Glow on this LVT. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104318-KN)

Ship burning off Iwo Jima, February 1945. A LCVP, loaded with troops, is in the left center foreground. A LCM is more distant, in the right center. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104329-KN)

Landing Craft (LCVP) from USS Sanborn (APA-193) underway off Iwo Jima, in mid or late February 1945. Note the large identification markings painted on the boats' bow ramps, and shipping in the distance. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104352-KN)

Landing Craft (LCVP) from USS Sanborn (APA-193) underway off Iwo Jima, in mid or late February 1945. Note the large identification markings painted on the boats' bow ramps. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104351-KN)

LCVP from USS LST-713 off northern Iwo Jima, February 1945. Note splash astern of the landing craft in the center, and rugged coastline in the background. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104321-KN)

Amphibious tractors (LVT) en route to the Iwo Jima invasion beaches during the morning of D-Day, 19 February 1945. In the left background is USS Tennessee (BB-43), providing close-in gunfire support for the landings. The northern slope of Mount Suribachi is faintly visible beyond her. A Fletcher class destroyer is in the right center background. Note the smoke and dust rising from the island. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). Collection of Lieutenant Commander Howard W. Whalen, USNR. Donated by Mrs. Nadine. (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104366-KN)

Amphibious tractors (LVT) en route to the Iwo Jima invasion beaches during the morning of D-Day, 19 February 1945. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). Collection of Lieutenant Commander Howard W. Whalen, USNR. Donated by Mrs. Nadine. (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command NH 104311-KN)

USS Tennessee (BB-43) firing her 14-inch guns at targets ashore, as Amphibious tractors (LVT) head for the Iwo Jima landing beaches, 19 February 1945. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104334-KN)

Amphibious tractors (LVT) off Iwo Jima, circa 19 February 1945. In the middle distance are USS Vincennes (CL-64), at left, and a Fletcher class destroyer, center. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104331-KN)

Smoke screen possibly being laid by a rocket off an invasion beach in 1945. Note the explosions on the ridge line in the center distance. Though part of a group of slides taken during the Iwo Jima operation, this view may have been made during the Okinawa campaign or during a practice exercise, as the battleship in the left center appears to be either USS Colorado (BB-45) or USS Maryland (BB-46). Both of were active off Okinawa. Neither took part in the Iwo Jima operation. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104312-KN)

Smoke screen possibly taken during the Iwo Jima or Okinawa operations in 1945. The smoke appears to be employed to conceal landing craft and other vessels. An LCS is in the left center, and a destroyer is at the far left. Several other landing craft are present, in the center and right. Land is visible in the distance. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104313-KN)

Landing craft underway off Iwo Jima's eastern shore during the initial day of landings, 19 February 1945. The boat nearest the camera is an LCM. Note the smoke shrouding Mount Suribachi (left), large explosion at Suribachi's base, smoke inland from the landing beaches, and what appears to be a flare falling over the island (center). Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104322-KN)

Several Landing Craft, Support (Large) [LCS(L)] guide landing craft toward the beach off Iwo Jima, probably on 19 February 1945. Note explosions, smoke and dust on the island. Mount Suribachi is in the left distance. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104353-KN)

Landing Craft, Support (Large) [LCS(L)] off Iwo Jima's eastern shore during the initial landings, 19 February 1945. USS LCS(L)-34 is partially visible on the extreme right. Note the large puff of white smoke over Mount Suribachi (left center), two airplanes in the upper center, and the dense smoke on and inland from the landing beaches. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104323-KN)

U.S. Marine Corps amphibious tractors (LVT) underway off Iwo Jima, probably during the D-Day landings, 19 February 1945. Note splashes offshore in the right center, and bombardment smoke and dust on and inland from the beach. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104324-KN)

Explosion near the eastern shoreline of Iwo Jima, on or shortly after 19 February 1945, when U.S. Marines landed on the island. This view, which looks to westward, was taken in the late afternoon. Note the fire burning in the left center and the small Japanese steamer (faintly visible) wrecked at left. An amphibious truck (DUKW) is passing in the left foreground. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104369-KN)

Iwo Jima Operation, 1945 Explosion near an Iwo Jima beach, February 1945. Several U.S. Marine combat vehicles (LVTs and M4 tanks) are nearby. Other LVTs appear to be coming ashore at left. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104314-KN)

Iwo Jima Operation, 1945 Explosion (apparently white phosphorus shells or bombs) near shore on Iwo Jima, during the operation to seize the island in February 1945. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104361-KN)

Explosions (apparently white phosphorus shells or bombs) near shore on Iwo Jima, during the operation to seize the island in February 1945. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104308-KN)

Amphibious tractors (LVT) move toward the beach off Iwo Jima, probably just before the initial landings on 19 February 1945. Note the shell splashing just offshore, in the center, while others explode on the beach. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104326-KN)

Explosions on an Iwo Jima beach, with smoke from other blasts drifting down wind, probably during the pre-landing bombardment, circa 19 February 1945. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104335-KN)

Dense smoke shrouds Mount Suribachi (left center) as amphibious tractors (LVT) leave the beaches during the initial day of landings, 19 February 1945. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104342-KN)

USS LCT-1030 and USS LST-731 beached on Iwo Jima, shortly after the 19 February 1945 landings. Location appears to be Beach Blue Two. Note the ship's pattern camouflage, in green tones, and amphibious tractors (LVT) driving onto the beach. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104350-KN)

USS LST-731 beached on Iwo Jima, shortly after the 19 February 1945 landings. Location appears to be Beach Blue Two, at the northern end of the island's eastern landing beaches. Note the ship's pattern camouflage, in green tones. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104347-KN)

Scene on an Iwo Jima landing beach, shortly after the 19 February 1945 invasion. Note the LCVP broached at the shoreline, just left of center, men working on the beach, M4 Sherman tanks on the road running along the beach and other vehicles further inland. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104356-KN)

Scene on an Iwo Jima landing beach, shortly after the 19 February 1945 invasion. Note the men working on the beach, M4 Sherman tank on the road running along the beach and smoke in the left center distance. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104357-KN)

Men working on an Iwo Jima beach, soon after the 19 February 1945 landings. Broached LCVP in the left center foreground is from USS Bladen (APA-63). Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104344-KN)

Scene on an Iwo Jima landing beach, shortly after the 19 February 1945 invasion. Note the debris and supplies in the beach area, two amphibious tractors (LVT) on the beach and another broached in the surf, and the mobile crane and other vehicles further inland. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104360-KN)

Scene on an Iwo Jima landing beach, circa late February 1945. A broached Landing Craft, Mechanized (LCM) from USS Belle Grove (LSD-2) is in the center foreground. Several amphibious tractors (LVT) are among the vehicles on the beach, amid scattered supplies and mounds of volcanic ash. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104371-KN)

Scene on an Iwo Jima landing beach, shortly after the 19 February 1945 invasion. The broken ground at right indicates that this is the Blue Beach area. Note the LCMs broached in the surf (that at left is from USS Belle Grove, LSD-2), as well as the LVTs and other vehicles in the beach area and inland. This image forms a rightward extension of that seen in Photo # NH 104371-KN. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104372-KN)

Scene on an Iwo Jima landing beach, shortly after the 19 February 1945 invasion. Note the .30 caliber machine gun on the boat from which the photo was taken, stern of a partially sunken LCVP from USS Hinsdale (APA-120) just offshore in the right center, men working in the beach area, tanks and amphibious tractors operating inland, and smoke rising in the distance. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104359-KN)


Iwo Jima Operation, 1945 Scene on an eastern Iwo Jima beach, February 1945. Note fire burning a small distance inland, and the wreck of a small Japanese steamer just off shore. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104310-KN)

Landing Ships, Dock (LSD) and other amphibious shipping off Iwo Jima, circa late February 1945. USS Ashland (LSD-1) is at left, with Mount Suribachi beyond. USS Belle Grove (LSD-2) is in the right center foreground. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104370-KN)

Star shells or other pyrotechnics over Iwo Jima at night, during or shortly after the 19 February 1945 invasion. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104373-KN)

Tracer projectiles and/or other pyrotechnics over Iwo Jima at night, during or shortly after the 19 February 1945 invasion. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104374-KN)

U.S. Marine combat vehicles (including LVTs and M4 tanks) maneuvering inland from the beach on Iwo Jima, shortly after the initial 19 February 1945 assault landings. Original 35mm Kodachrome transparency, photographed by Lieutenant Howard W. Whalen, USNR, Boat Group Commander, USS Sanborn (APA-193). (U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command photograph NH 104307-KN)

Illuminating shells fired from supporting warships light up the dark no-man’s land between the Japanese and the front lines of the Third Marine Division on Iwo Jima. The lights were parachuted in from the sea every few minutes to prevent enemy infiltration.

Japanese bombers, attempting to reach the Marines on Iwo Jima, encountered this screen of protecting anti-aircraft fire from the U.S. Naval force supporting the landing on the island.

Tracer bullets from anti-aircraft guns ashore and onboard ships, cut a pattern in the black night over Iwo as American forces set up a barrage to repel a Japanese air attack on portions of the Island held by the Marines.

Landing craft forming up boat waves in preparation for the initial landings on Iwo Jima, 19 February 1945.

LVTs carry US Marines past the battleship Tennessee toward Iwo Jima, 19 Feb 1945.

Fifth Fleet during invasion of Iwo Jima. Mount Suribachi in background.

Thousands of U.S. Marines head towards Iwo Jima, Japan, in their small landing craft on February 19, 1945, during the final year of World War II. Larger ships and air forces bombard the island to destroy defensive positions, evidenced by the rising smoke on the island. (Naval History & Heritage Command)

A DUKW taking to the water from the bow doors of the USS LST 782 during the battle of Iwo Jima, February 19, 1945.

Iwo Jima obscured by smoke, February 1945.

Mt. Suribachi, February 1945.

Suribachi from aboard ship, February 1945.

Approaching Iwo Jima, February 1945.

Landing Craft, Vehicle and Personnel (LCVP), and Landing Vehicles, Tracked (LVT) carry Marines to Iwo Jima on the day of the invasion.

US Coast Guardsmen assisting a wounded Marine into an LCVP after the Marine’s LVT sustained a direct hit while heading to the landing beaches on Iwo Jima, 19 February 1945.

Aboard an LVT, February 1945.

Tracked landing vehicles (LVTs), jam-packed with 4th Marine Division troops, approach the Line of Departure at H-hour on D-day. In the center rear can be seen the control vessels which attempted to maintain order in the landing.

LVT’s (Landing Vehicles, Tracked) armored, bearing U.S. Marines start their dash for the shore of Iwo Jima from their line of departure on D-Day. In the background are the naval vessels pouring shells into the enemy’s positions.

A wave of Marine LVTs (Landing Vehicle Tracked) churn up white wakes as they leave the line of departure and head for the smoke shrouded beach of Iwo Jima. In the background a cruise stands offshore and pours broadsides into Mount Suribachi, barely discernible in the haze and smoke.

Loaded with battle-wise Marines of the Fifth Amphibious Corps, LSMs, (Landing Ship Medium), dash for the beach at Iwo Jima shortly after H-hour in the invasion of that enemy bastion, 660 miles from the Japanese homeland. Shrouded by by the smoke of the naval bombardment, Mount Suribachi, a miniature volcano at the southern tip of the island, appears in the background.

The third and fourth wave of the Fourth Marine Division speed towards the shell-torn beach of Iwo Jima, on D-day when the Marine and Naval forces struck at the island only 750 miles from the capital of Tokyo. Meanwhile, a battleship and other U.S. warships well within the line of departure pound the island.

The U.S. Navy invasion fleet off Iwo Jima, with LVTs retracting from the Iwo Jima beaches after landing the initial waves of marines, in the morning of 19 February, 1945. USS Tennessee (BB-43) is in the right center. 19 February 1945.

This aerial view of Iwo Jima gives an idea of the minute size of the island. In the background, part of the U.S. invasion armada can be seen offshore.

Infantry landing craft gunboats that supported the UDTs, such as LCI(G)-441, paid a heavy price at Iwo Jima.

Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal (left), and Lt. Gen. Holland Smith, commander of Marines in the Pacific, stand on Feb. 23, 1945 at a ship's rail off Iwo Jima with Mt. Suribachi in the background, and watch bitter fighting on the island.

Offshore Iwo Jima